Rangkuman Grammar (Fundamentals of English Grammar-Betty Schrampfer Azar)

MODAL AUXILIARIES ( Verba Bantu Modal )

The verbs in the list below are called modal auxiliaries. They are helping verbs that express a wide range of meanings (ability, permission, possibility, necessity, etc.). Most of the modals have more than one meaning.

1. CAN dan COULD  ( Mengekspresikan Kemampuan)

(a) Bob can play the piano. (b) You can buy a screwdriver at a hardware store	CAN expresses ability in the present or future
(c)   I  (  can’t, cannot, can not ) understand that sentence.	The negative form of can may be written : can’t, cannot, can not.
(d) Our son could talk when he was two years old.	The past from of can is could.
(e) They (couldn’t, could not) come to class yesterday.	The negative of could : couldn’t or could not.

2. MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEMUNGKINAN: MAY dan MIGTH

(a) It may rain tomorrow. (b) It might rain tomorrow. (c) A : Why isn’t John in class?       B : I don’t know. He (May/Might) be sick today.	May and might express posibility in the present or future. They have the same meaning. There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b)
(d) It may not rain tomorrow. (e) It might not rain tomorrow.	Negative: may not and might not. (Do not contarct may and might with not)
(f) Maybe it will rain tomorrow. (g) Maybe John is sick. (h) John May be sick.	Maybe (spelled as one word) is an adverb meaning “perhaps.” Notice(f)and(g) May be (spelled as two words) is a verb form, as in (h): the auxiliary may + the main verb be.

MENGEKSPRESIKAN IZIN: MAY dan CAN

(i) Yes, children, you may have a cookie after dinner. (j) Okay, kids, you can have a cookie after dinner.	May is also used to give permission. Often can is used ti give permission, too. (i) and (j) have the same meaning, but may is more formal than can.
(k) You may not have a cookie.       You can’t have a cookie.	May not and cannot (can’t) are used to deny permission (i.e., to say “no”)

3. MENGGUNAKAN COULD UNTUK MEGEKSPRESIKAN KEMUNGKINAN

(a) A : Why isn’t Greg in class?       B : I don’t know. He could be sick. (b) Look at house dark clouds. It could start raining any minute.

Could can mean past ability. But that is not its only meaning. Another meaning of could is possibility. In (a): “He could be sick” has the same meaning as “He may/might be sick,”i,e.,”It is possible that he is sick.” In (a), could expresses a present possibility. In (b), could expresses a future possibility.

4. MEMINTA IZIN: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I

POLITE QUESTION	POSSIBLE ANSWERS	People use May I , Could I,* and Can I to ask polite questions. The questions ask for someone’s permission. (a), (b), (c) have basically the same meaning. Note: Can I is less formal than May I and Could I.
(a) May I please borrow your pen? (b) Could I please borrow your pen? (c) Can I please borrow your pen?	Yes. Yes. Of course. Yes. Certainly. Sure (informal) Okay (informal)
		Please can come at the end of the question: May I borrow your pen, please? Please can be omitted from the question: May I borrow your pen?

5. MEMINTA BANTUAN: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU. WILL YOU, CAN YOU

POLLITE QUESTION	POSSIBLE ANSWERS	People use Would you, Could you, Will you, and Can you to ask pollite questions. The questions ask for someone’s help or cooperation. (a), (b), (c),and (d) have basically the same meaning. The use of can, as in (d), is less formal than the others.
(a) Would you please open the door? (b) Could you please open the door? (c) Will you please open the door? (d) Can you please open yhe door?	Yes. Yes. Of course. Yes. Certainly. I’d be happy to. I’d be glade to. Sure (informal) Okay (informal) My pleasure (informal)
	POSSIBLE POLITE NEGATIVE RESPONSES
	I’m sorry, but (I can’t, I don’t have enough time, my arms are full,etc) I’d like to, but (I can’t, I don’t have enough time, my arms are full)	NOTE: May is NOT used when you is the subject of a pollite question. INCORRECT: May you please open the door?

6. MENGEKSPRESIKAN NASIHAT: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER

(a) My clothes are dirty. I (Should/Ought to/Had better) wash them.	Should, Ought to, and Had better have basically the same meaning. They mean: “ This is a good idea. This is good advice.”
(b) You need your sleep. You Shouldn’t stay up late.	Negative : Should + Not = Shouldn’t
(c) I’d better      You’d better      He’d better                         Study tonight      She’d better      We’d better      They better	Contraction of had = ‘d. NOTE: Usually had is the past form of have. However, in the expression had better, had is as part of an idiom and the meaning is present of ruture.

*Ought to is usually not used in the negative

The negative of had better is had better not, and it often carries a warning of bad consequences. You had better not late! If you are late, you will get into a lot af trouble.

7. MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEHARUSAN: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

(a) I have a very important test tomorrow.       I (Have to, Have got to, Must) Study tonight.	Have to, Have got to, and Must have basucally the same meaning. They express the idea that something is necessary.
	Have to is used much more frequently than must in everyday speech and writing.* Have got to is generally used only in informal speech and writing.
(b) I have to (“hafta”) go downtown today. (c) Rita has to (“hasta”) go to the bank. (d) I’ve got to (“gotta”) study tonight.	Usual pronounciatiaon: Have to = “hafta”                                            Has to   = “ hasta”                                            Got to   = “gotta”
(e) I had to study last night.	The past from of have to, have got to, and must (meaning necessity) is had to.

* Must means that something is very necessary; there is no other choice. Must is used muuch less frequently than have to in eceryday speech and writing. Must is a “strong” word.

8. MENGEKSPRESIKAN TIDAK ADANYA KEHARUSAN: DO NOT HAVE TO

    MENGEKSPRESIKAN LARANGAN: MUST NOT

(a)  I finished all of my homework this afternoon. I don’t have to study tonight. (b) Tomorrow is a holliday. Mary doesn’t have to go to class.	Don’t/Doesn’t have to express the idea that something is not necesarry.
(c) Children, you must not play with matches! (d) We must not use that door. The sign says: PRIVATE: DO NOT ENTER	Must not expresses prohibition. (DO NOT DO THIS!)
(e) You musn’t play with matches.	Must + Not = Musn’t. (Note: The first “t” is not pronounced.)

 

9. MEMBUAT KESIMPULAN LOGIS: MUST

(a) A : nancy is yawning.       B : She must be sleepy.	In (a): SPEAKER B is making a logical guess. He bases his guess on the information that nancy is yawning. His logical conclusion, his “best guess,” is that Nancy is sleepy. He uses must to express his logical conclusion.
(b) LOGICAL CONCLUSION: Amy plays tennis every day. She must like to play tennis. (c) NECESSITY: If you want to get into the movie theater, you must buy a ticket.	COMPARE: Must can express:       • a logical conclusion, as in (b)       • necessity, as in (c)
(d) NEGATIVE LOGICAL CONCLUSION: Eric ate everything on his plate except the pickle. He must not like pickles. (e) POEHIBITION: There are sharks in the ocean near our hotel. We must not go swimming there.	COMPARE: Must not can express:       • a negative logical conclusion, as in (b)       • prohibition, as in (e)

10. MEMBERIKAN INSTRUKSI: KALIMAT IMPERATIF

COMMAND (a) General : Open the door!       Soldier   : Yes, sir! REQUEST (b) Teacher : Open the door please.       Student : Okay, I’d be happy to. DIRECTIONS (c) Barbara : Could you tell me how to get to                              the post office?       Sranger : Certainly. Walk two blocks down                      This street. Turn left and walk there                      more blocks. It’s on the right hand                        side of the street.

Imperative sentencesare used to give commands, make polite requests, and give directions. The difference between a command and a request lies in the soeaket’s tone of voice and the use of please. Please can come at the beginning or end of request:      Open the door, please.      Please open the door.

(d) Close the window. (e) Please sit down. (f) Be quite! (g) Don’t walk on the grass. (h) Please don’t wait for me. (i) Don’t be late.

The simple form of a verb is used in imperative sentences. The understood subject of the sentence is you (meaning the person the speaker is talking to): (you) close the window. Negative form:      Don’t + the simple form of a verb.

11. MEMBERIKAN SARAN: LET’S DAN WHY DON’T

(a) A : It’s hot today. Let’s go to the beach.       B : Okay. Good idea. (b) A : It’s hot today. Why don’t we go to the beach?       B : Okay. Good idea.	Let’s (do something) and why don’t we (do something) have the same meaning. They are used to make suggestions about activities fpr you and me. Let’s = Let us.
(c) A : I’m tired.       B : Why don’t you take a nap?       A : That’s a good idea. I think I will.	People use why don’t you (do something) to make a friendly suggestion, to give friendly advice.

12. MENYATAKAN PREFERENSI: PREFER, LIKE..... BETTER, WOULD RATHER

(a) I prefer apples to oranges. (b) I prefer watching TV to studying.	Prefer + NOUN + to + NOUN Prefer + -ING VERB + to + -ING VERB
(c) I like aples better than oranges. (d) I like watching TV better than studying.	Like + NOUN + better than + NOUN Like + -ING VERB + better than + -ING VERB
(e) Ann Would you rather have an apple than (have) an orange. (f) I’d rather visit a big city than live there.	In (e) and (f): would rather and than are followed immedietely by the simple form of a verb (e.g., have, visit, live).*
(g) I’d/You’d/She’d/He’d/We’d/They’d rather have an apple.	Contraction of would = ‘d
(h) Would you rather have an apple or an orange?	In (h) In a polte question, would rather can be followed by or to offer someone a choice.