Rangkuman Grammar (Fundamentals of English Grammar-Betty Schrampfer Azar)

Countable (Nomina Terhitung) dan Uncountable (Nomina tak terhitung).

	SINGULAR	PLURAL	Some nouns are called COUNT NOUNS: (1) In the singular, they can be preceded by a/an or one. (2) They have a plural form: -s or –es
COUNTABLE (COUNT NOUN)	A chair One chair	Chairs Two chairs Some chairs Several chairs A lot of chairs Many chairs A few chairs
UNCOUNTABLE (NON-COUNT NOUN)	Furniture Some furniture A lot of furniture Much furniture A little furniture	Ø	Some nouns are called NOUNCOUNT NOUNS: (1) They are NOT immediately preceded by a/an pr one. (2) They do NOT have a plural form (no final –s is added.)
Yang termasuk Uncountable Nouns: 1. Nama-nama zat atau materi tertentu (Substances & Materials), misalnya: Blood                    Bread                     Butter              Chalk               Cheese Cotton                  Dust                        Flour                Gas                  Gold Honey                   Ice                          Ink                   Kerosone         Meat Milk                      Oil                          Oxygen            Paint                Paper Rice                      Salt                         Sand                Smoke             Soap Wood                    Wold 2. Kata benda abstrak (Abstract Nouns), misalnya: Advice                  Honesty                  Beauty             Information Confidence           Peace                     Education        Suspicion Happines              Wisdom      3. Bahasa (Languages), misalnya: Arabic                   English        Frinch              German           Japanese 4. Bidang Studi (Fields of study), misalnya: Chemistry             Economics              History             Psychology 5. Cabang olahraga (Sports), misalnya: Basketball            Chess                      Soccer             Tennis              Volleyball 6. Aktifitas umum (general activities) dalam bentuk gerund, misalnya: Driving                 Reading                  Swimming                   Training

Rangkuman Grammar (Fundamentals of English Grammar-Betty Schrampfer Azar)

MENGAJUKAN PERTANYAAN

1. PERTANYAAN YES/NO DAN JAWABAN SINGKAT

YES.NO QUESTIONS	SHORT ANSWER (+LONG ANSWER)	A yes/no question is a question that can be answered by “yes” or “no” (or their equivalents, such as “yeah” or “nah,” and “uh huh” or “huh uh”
(a) Do you know Jim Smith?    Yes, I do. ( I know Jim Smith.)                                                       No, I don’t. (I don’t know Jim Smith.) (b) Did it rain last night?           Yes, it did. ( It rained last night.)                                                        No, it didn’t. ( It didn’t rain last night.) (c) Are you studying English?   Yes, I’m.* (I’m studying English.)                                                        No, I’m not. ( I’m not studying English.) (d) Was Ann in class?                 Yes, She was. ( Ann was in class.)                                                        No, She wasn’t ( Ann wasn’t in class.) (e) Will Rob be here soon?       Yes, He will.* ( Rob will be here soon.)                                                        No, He won’t.(Rob won’t be here soon.) (f) Can you swimm?                   Yes, I can. ( I can swimm.)                                                        No, I can’t. ( I can’t swimm.)

2. AN INFORMATION QUESTION (Pertanyaan meminta informasi)

(QUESTION WORD)	HELPING VERB	SUBJECT	MAIN VERB	(REST OF SENTENCE)	The same subject-verb word order is used in both yes/no and information question: HELPING VERB + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
(a) Where        Does             Ann              live                    In Montreal                                                                      Live? (b) Where         Is                   Sara            studying         at the library?                                                                      Studying? (c) When          Will                You             graduate          next year?                                                                      Graduate? (d) Who(m)*    Did                They            see                     Jack?                                                                       See? (e) Where          Is                  Heidi                                       at home? (f)                        Is                  Heidi?
					In (e) and (f): Main verb be in simple present and simple past (am,are,was,were) precedes the subject. It has the same position as a helping verb.
(g)                                                   Who                came           to dinner? (k)                                                   What               happened   yesterday?					When the question word(e.g., who or what) is the subject of question, the usual question word order is not used. No form of do is used. Notice (g) and (k)

3. MENGGUNAKAN WHO, WHO(M) DAN WHAT

QUESTION	ANSWER	In (a): Who is used as the subject (S) of a question. In (b): Who(m) is used as the object (O) in a question Whom is used in formal English. In everyday spoken English, Who is usually used instead of Whom.
S                                          S (a) Who came?                        Someone caeme.         O              S                      S                  O (b) Who(m) did you see?        I saw someone.
S                                     S (c) What happend?                 Something happened.         O               S                        S             O (d) What did you see?             I saw something.		What can be used as either the subject or the object in a question.

               What + a form of do is used to ask questions about activities. (Examples of forms of

               do: am doing, will do, are going to do, did,etc.

5. MENGGUNAKAN WHAT KIND OF

QUESTION	ANSWER	What kind of asks for information about a specific type (a spesific kind) in general category.
(a) What kind of shoes did you buy?          Boots/Sandals/etc. (b) What kind of fruit do you like best?      Apples/Oranges/etc.

6. MENGGUNAKAN WHICH

(a) Tom : May I borroe a pen from you?       Ann : Sure. I have black ink and red pink.                 Which (pen/one) do you want? (b) Which pen    do you want ? (c) Which one     do you want? (d) Which            do you want?	In (a): Ann uses Which (not what) because the wants Tom chouse. Which is used when the speaker wants someone to make a choice, when the speaker is offering alternatives: this one or that one; these or those.
(e) Sue : I like this earrings, and I like those                 Earrings.       Bob : Which (earrings/ones) are you                  Going to buy?       Sue : I think I’ll get these. (f) Which earrings are you going to buy? (g) Which ones      are you going to buy? (h) Which               are you going to buy?	Which can be used with either singular or plural nouns. (f), (g) and (h) have the same meaning.

7.MENGGUNAKAN WHOSE

QUESTION	ANSWER	Whose asks about possesion. Noticein (a): the speaker of the question may omit the noun(book) if the meaning is slear to the listener.
(a) Whose (book) is this?               It’s John’s (book). (b) Whose (books) are those?      They’re mine/my books (c) Whose car did you borrow?    I borrowed Karen’s(car)
COMPARE : (d) Who’s that?                                Mary Smith. (e) Whose is that?                           Mary’s		Who’s and whose have the same pronounciation. Who’s = contraction of who is Whose=asks about possession.

8. MENGGUNAKAN HOW

QUESTION	ANSWER	How has many uses. One use of how is to ask about means (ways) of transportation.
(a) How did you get here?                  I drove/by car.                                                                 I took a/by taxi.                                                                 I flew/by palane.                                                                 I walked/On foot.
(b) How old are you?                             Twenty-one. (c) How tall is he?                                   About six feet. (d) How big is your apartment?           It has three room. (e) How sleepy are you?                       Very sleepy. (f) How hungry are you?                       I’m starving. (g) How soon will you be ready?         In five minutes. (h) How well does he speak English? Very well. (i) How quickly can you get here?      I can get there in 30 minutes.		How is often used with adjectives

9. MENGGUNAKAN HOW OFTEN

QUESTION	ANSWER	How often asks about frequency.
(a) How often do you go shopping?            Every day.                                                                            Once a week.                                                                            About twice a week.                                                                          Every other day or so.                                                                          There times a mooth.
(b) How many times a day do you eat?          Three or four.       How many times a week do you go            Shopping?                                                      Two.       How many times a month do you       Go to the bank?                                            Once.       How many times a year do you take       A vocation?                                                   Once or twice.		Other ways of asking how often: How many times a day                                a week                                a month                                a year

10. MENGGUNAKAN HOW ABOUT DAN WHAT ABOUT

How about and What about have the same meaning and usage. They are used to make suggertions of offers.

Example :

(a) A : I’m tired. How about you?          (b) A : Are you hungry?

      B : Yes, I’m tired too.                               B : No. What about you?

10. MENGGUNAKAN HOW FAR

(a) A : How far is it from St. Louis to Chicago?       B : 289 miles. (b) A : How far do you live from school?       B : Four blocks.	How far is used to ask question about distance.
(c) How many miles is it from St. Louis to Chicago (d) How many kilometers is it to Montreal from here? (e) How many blocks is it to the post office?	Other ways to ask how far: How many miles? How many kilometers? How many blocks?

11. MENGEKSPRESIKAN LAMAYA WAKTU: IT + TAKE

IT   +  TAKE +  (SOMEONE) + TIME EXPRESSION + INFINITIVE*

(a)   It      takes      Janet                 six hours                    to drive                 to Chicago from here. (b)   It      took       Janet                 a long time                to finish                 her composotion.

12. MENGGUNAKAN HOW LONG

QUESTION	ANSWER	How long asks for information about length of time.
(a) How long does it take to drive       To Chicago from here?                          Two days. (b) How long did you study last night?     Four hours. (c) How long will you be in Florida?          Ten years.
(d) How many days wiil you be       In Florida?                                                Ten		Other ways of asking how long. How many + minutes                         Hours                         Days, etc.

13. QUESTION TAG

Questions in the form of a statement + a question tag (isn’t it?, don’t you?, etc)

It’s warm, isn’t it?                                           We’ll be early, won’t we?

Jane doesn’t look well, does she?                We shan’t be late, shall we?

They were late, weren’t they?

You bought that in France, didn’t you?