Rangkuman Grammar (Fundamentals of English Grammar-Betty Schrampfer Azar)

MENGAJUKAN PERTANYAAN

1. PERTANYAAN YES/NO DAN JAWABAN SINGKAT

YES.NO QUESTIONS	SHORT ANSWER (+LONG ANSWER)	A yes/no question is a question that can be answered by “yes” or “no” (or their equivalents, such as “yeah” or “nah,” and “uh huh” or “huh uh”
(a) Do you know Jim Smith?    Yes, I do. ( I know Jim Smith.)                                                       No, I don’t. (I don’t know Jim Smith.) (b) Did it rain last night?           Yes, it did. ( It rained last night.)                                                        No, it didn’t. ( It didn’t rain last night.) (c) Are you studying English?   Yes, I’m.* (I’m studying English.)                                                        No, I’m not. ( I’m not studying English.) (d) Was Ann in class?                 Yes, She was. ( Ann was in class.)                                                        No, She wasn’t ( Ann wasn’t in class.) (e) Will Rob be here soon?       Yes, He will.* ( Rob will be here soon.)                                                        No, He won’t.(Rob won’t be here soon.) (f) Can you swimm?                   Yes, I can. ( I can swimm.)                                                        No, I can’t. ( I can’t swimm.)

2. AN INFORMATION QUESTION (Pertanyaan meminta informasi)

(QUESTION WORD)	HELPING VERB	SUBJECT	MAIN VERB	(REST OF SENTENCE)	The same subject-verb word order is used in both yes/no and information question: HELPING VERB + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
(a) Where        Does             Ann              live                    In Montreal                                                                      Live? (b) Where         Is                   Sara            studying         at the library?                                                                      Studying? (c) When          Will                You             graduate          next year?                                                                      Graduate? (d) Who(m)*    Did                They            see                     Jack?                                                                       See? (e) Where          Is                  Heidi                                       at home? (f)                        Is                  Heidi?
					In (e) and (f): Main verb be in simple present and simple past (am,are,was,were) precedes the subject. It has the same position as a helping verb.
(g)                                                   Who                came           to dinner? (k)                                                   What               happened   yesterday?					When the question word(e.g., who or what) is the subject of question, the usual question word order is not used. No form of do is used. Notice (g) and (k)

3. MENGGUNAKAN WHO, WHO(M) DAN WHAT

QUESTION	ANSWER	In (a): Who is used as the subject (S) of a question. In (b): Who(m) is used as the object (O) in a question Whom is used in formal English. In everyday spoken English, Who is usually used instead of Whom.
S                                          S (a) Who came?                        Someone caeme.         O              S                      S                  O (b) Who(m) did you see?        I saw someone.
S                                     S (c) What happend?                 Something happened.         O               S                        S             O (d) What did you see?             I saw something.		What can be used as either the subject or the object in a question.

               What + a form of do is used to ask questions about activities. (Examples of forms of

               do: am doing, will do, are going to do, did,etc.

5. MENGGUNAKAN WHAT KIND OF

QUESTION	ANSWER	What kind of asks for information about a specific type (a spesific kind) in general category.
(a) What kind of shoes did you buy?          Boots/Sandals/etc. (b) What kind of fruit do you like best?      Apples/Oranges/etc.

6. MENGGUNAKAN WHICH

(a) Tom : May I borroe a pen from you?       Ann : Sure. I have black ink and red pink.                 Which (pen/one) do you want? (b) Which pen    do you want ? (c) Which one     do you want? (d) Which            do you want?	In (a): Ann uses Which (not what) because the wants Tom chouse. Which is used when the speaker wants someone to make a choice, when the speaker is offering alternatives: this one or that one; these or those.
(e) Sue : I like this earrings, and I like those                 Earrings.       Bob : Which (earrings/ones) are you                  Going to buy?       Sue : I think I’ll get these. (f) Which earrings are you going to buy? (g) Which ones      are you going to buy? (h) Which               are you going to buy?	Which can be used with either singular or plural nouns. (f), (g) and (h) have the same meaning.

7.MENGGUNAKAN WHOSE

QUESTION	ANSWER	Whose asks about possesion. Noticein (a): the speaker of the question may omit the noun(book) if the meaning is slear to the listener.
(a) Whose (book) is this?               It’s John’s (book). (b) Whose (books) are those?      They’re mine/my books (c) Whose car did you borrow?    I borrowed Karen’s(car)
COMPARE : (d) Who’s that?                                Mary Smith. (e) Whose is that?                           Mary’s		Who’s and whose have the same pronounciation. Who’s = contraction of who is Whose=asks about possession.

8. MENGGUNAKAN HOW

QUESTION	ANSWER	How has many uses. One use of how is to ask about means (ways) of transportation.
(a) How did you get here?                  I drove/by car.                                                                 I took a/by taxi.                                                                 I flew/by palane.                                                                 I walked/On foot.
(b) How old are you?                             Twenty-one. (c) How tall is he?                                   About six feet. (d) How big is your apartment?           It has three room. (e) How sleepy are you?                       Very sleepy. (f) How hungry are you?                       I’m starving. (g) How soon will you be ready?         In five minutes. (h) How well does he speak English? Very well. (i) How quickly can you get here?      I can get there in 30 minutes.		How is often used with adjectives

9. MENGGUNAKAN HOW OFTEN

QUESTION	ANSWER	How often asks about frequency.
(a) How often do you go shopping?            Every day.                                                                            Once a week.                                                                            About twice a week.                                                                          Every other day or so.                                                                          There times a mooth.
(b) How many times a day do you eat?          Three or four.       How many times a week do you go            Shopping?                                                      Two.       How many times a month do you       Go to the bank?                                            Once.       How many times a year do you take       A vocation?                                                   Once or twice.		Other ways of asking how often: How many times a day                                a week                                a month                                a year

10. MENGGUNAKAN HOW ABOUT DAN WHAT ABOUT

How about and What about have the same meaning and usage. They are used to make suggertions of offers.

Example :

(a) A : I’m tired. How about you?          (b) A : Are you hungry?

      B : Yes, I’m tired too.                               B : No. What about you?

10. MENGGUNAKAN HOW FAR

(a) A : How far is it from St. Louis to Chicago?       B : 289 miles. (b) A : How far do you live from school?       B : Four blocks.	How far is used to ask question about distance.
(c) How many miles is it from St. Louis to Chicago (d) How many kilometers is it to Montreal from here? (e) How many blocks is it to the post office?	Other ways to ask how far: How many miles? How many kilometers? How many blocks?

11. MENGEKSPRESIKAN LAMAYA WAKTU: IT + TAKE

IT   +  TAKE +  (SOMEONE) + TIME EXPRESSION + INFINITIVE*

(a)   It      takes      Janet                 six hours                    to drive                 to Chicago from here. (b)   It      took       Janet                 a long time                to finish                 her composotion.

12. MENGGUNAKAN HOW LONG

QUESTION	ANSWER	How long asks for information about length of time.
(a) How long does it take to drive       To Chicago from here?                          Two days. (b) How long did you study last night?     Four hours. (c) How long will you be in Florida?          Ten years.
(d) How many days wiil you be       In Florida?                                                Ten		Other ways of asking how long. How many + minutes                         Hours                         Days, etc.

13. QUESTION TAG

Questions in the form of a statement + a question tag (isn’t it?, don’t you?, etc)

It’s warm, isn’t it?                                           We’ll be early, won’t we?

Jane doesn’t look well, does she?                We shan’t be late, shall we?

They were late, weren’t they?

You bought that in France, didn’t you?

Rangkuman Grammar (Fundamentals of English Grammar-Betty Schrampfer Azar)

MODAL AUXILIARIES ( Verba Bantu Modal )

The verbs in the list below are called modal auxiliaries. They are helping verbs that express a wide range of meanings (ability, permission, possibility, necessity, etc.). Most of the modals have more than one meaning.

1. CAN dan COULD  ( Mengekspresikan Kemampuan)

(a) Bob can play the piano. (b) You can buy a screwdriver at a hardware store	CAN expresses ability in the present or future
(c)   I  (  can’t, cannot, can not ) understand that sentence.	The negative form of can may be written : can’t, cannot, can not.
(d) Our son could talk when he was two years old.	The past from of can is could.
(e) They (couldn’t, could not) come to class yesterday.	The negative of could : couldn’t or could not.

2. MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEMUNGKINAN: MAY dan MIGTH

(a) It may rain tomorrow. (b) It might rain tomorrow. (c) A : Why isn’t John in class?       B : I don’t know. He (May/Might) be sick today.	May and might express posibility in the present or future. They have the same meaning. There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b)
(d) It may not rain tomorrow. (e) It might not rain tomorrow.	Negative: may not and might not. (Do not contarct may and might with not)
(f) Maybe it will rain tomorrow. (g) Maybe John is sick. (h) John May be sick.	Maybe (spelled as one word) is an adverb meaning “perhaps.” Notice(f)and(g) May be (spelled as two words) is a verb form, as in (h): the auxiliary may + the main verb be.

MENGEKSPRESIKAN IZIN: MAY dan CAN

(i) Yes, children, you may have a cookie after dinner. (j) Okay, kids, you can have a cookie after dinner.	May is also used to give permission. Often can is used ti give permission, too. (i) and (j) have the same meaning, but may is more formal than can.
(k) You may not have a cookie.       You can’t have a cookie.	May not and cannot (can’t) are used to deny permission (i.e., to say “no”)

3. MENGGUNAKAN COULD UNTUK MEGEKSPRESIKAN KEMUNGKINAN

(a) A : Why isn’t Greg in class?       B : I don’t know. He could be sick. (b) Look at house dark clouds. It could start raining any minute.

Could can mean past ability. But that is not its only meaning. Another meaning of could is possibility. In (a): “He could be sick” has the same meaning as “He may/might be sick,”i,e.,”It is possible that he is sick.” In (a), could expresses a present possibility. In (b), could expresses a future possibility.

4. MEMINTA IZIN: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I

POLITE QUESTION	POSSIBLE ANSWERS	People use May I , Could I,* and Can I to ask polite questions. The questions ask for someone’s permission. (a), (b), (c) have basically the same meaning. Note: Can I is less formal than May I and Could I.
(a) May I please borrow your pen? (b) Could I please borrow your pen? (c) Can I please borrow your pen?	Yes. Yes. Of course. Yes. Certainly. Sure (informal) Okay (informal)
		Please can come at the end of the question: May I borrow your pen, please? Please can be omitted from the question: May I borrow your pen?

5. MEMINTA BANTUAN: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU. WILL YOU, CAN YOU

POLLITE QUESTION	POSSIBLE ANSWERS	People use Would you, Could you, Will you, and Can you to ask pollite questions. The questions ask for someone’s help or cooperation. (a), (b), (c),and (d) have basically the same meaning. The use of can, as in (d), is less formal than the others.
(a) Would you please open the door? (b) Could you please open the door? (c) Will you please open the door? (d) Can you please open yhe door?	Yes. Yes. Of course. Yes. Certainly. I’d be happy to. I’d be glade to. Sure (informal) Okay (informal) My pleasure (informal)
	POSSIBLE POLITE NEGATIVE RESPONSES
	I’m sorry, but (I can’t, I don’t have enough time, my arms are full,etc) I’d like to, but (I can’t, I don’t have enough time, my arms are full)	NOTE: May is NOT used when you is the subject of a pollite question. INCORRECT: May you please open the door?

6. MENGEKSPRESIKAN NASIHAT: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER

(a) My clothes are dirty. I (Should/Ought to/Had better) wash them.	Should, Ought to, and Had better have basically the same meaning. They mean: “ This is a good idea. This is good advice.”
(b) You need your sleep. You Shouldn’t stay up late.	Negative : Should + Not = Shouldn’t
(c) I’d better      You’d better      He’d better                         Study tonight      She’d better      We’d better      They better	Contraction of had = ‘d. NOTE: Usually had is the past form of have. However, in the expression had better, had is as part of an idiom and the meaning is present of ruture.

*Ought to is usually not used in the negative

The negative of had better is had better not, and it often carries a warning of bad consequences. You had better not late! If you are late, you will get into a lot af trouble.

7. MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEHARUSAN: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

(a) I have a very important test tomorrow.       I (Have to, Have got to, Must) Study tonight.	Have to, Have got to, and Must have basucally the same meaning. They express the idea that something is necessary.
	Have to is used much more frequently than must in everyday speech and writing.* Have got to is generally used only in informal speech and writing.
(b) I have to (“hafta”) go downtown today. (c) Rita has to (“hasta”) go to the bank. (d) I’ve got to (“gotta”) study tonight.	Usual pronounciatiaon: Have to = “hafta”                                            Has to   = “ hasta”                                            Got to   = “gotta”
(e) I had to study last night.	The past from of have to, have got to, and must (meaning necessity) is had to.

* Must means that something is very necessary; there is no other choice. Must is used muuch less frequently than have to in eceryday speech and writing. Must is a “strong” word.

8. MENGEKSPRESIKAN TIDAK ADANYA KEHARUSAN: DO NOT HAVE TO

    MENGEKSPRESIKAN LARANGAN: MUST NOT

(a)  I finished all of my homework this afternoon. I don’t have to study tonight. (b) Tomorrow is a holliday. Mary doesn’t have to go to class.	Don’t/Doesn’t have to express the idea that something is not necesarry.
(c) Children, you must not play with matches! (d) We must not use that door. The sign says: PRIVATE: DO NOT ENTER	Must not expresses prohibition. (DO NOT DO THIS!)
(e) You musn’t play with matches.	Must + Not = Musn’t. (Note: The first “t” is not pronounced.)

 

9. MEMBUAT KESIMPULAN LOGIS: MUST

(a) A : nancy is yawning.       B : She must be sleepy.	In (a): SPEAKER B is making a logical guess. He bases his guess on the information that nancy is yawning. His logical conclusion, his “best guess,” is that Nancy is sleepy. He uses must to express his logical conclusion.
(b) LOGICAL CONCLUSION: Amy plays tennis every day. She must like to play tennis. (c) NECESSITY: If you want to get into the movie theater, you must buy a ticket.	COMPARE: Must can express:       • a logical conclusion, as in (b)       • necessity, as in (c)
(d) NEGATIVE LOGICAL CONCLUSION: Eric ate everything on his plate except the pickle. He must not like pickles. (e) POEHIBITION: There are sharks in the ocean near our hotel. We must not go swimming there.	COMPARE: Must not can express:       • a negative logical conclusion, as in (b)       • prohibition, as in (e)

10. MEMBERIKAN INSTRUKSI: KALIMAT IMPERATIF

COMMAND (a) General : Open the door!       Soldier   : Yes, sir! REQUEST (b) Teacher : Open the door please.       Student : Okay, I’d be happy to. DIRECTIONS (c) Barbara : Could you tell me how to get to                              the post office?       Sranger : Certainly. Walk two blocks down                      This street. Turn left and walk there                      more blocks. It’s on the right hand                        side of the street.

Imperative sentencesare used to give commands, make polite requests, and give directions. The difference between a command and a request lies in the soeaket’s tone of voice and the use of please. Please can come at the beginning or end of request:      Open the door, please.      Please open the door.

(d) Close the window. (e) Please sit down. (f) Be quite! (g) Don’t walk on the grass. (h) Please don’t wait for me. (i) Don’t be late.

The simple form of a verb is used in imperative sentences. The understood subject of the sentence is you (meaning the person the speaker is talking to): (you) close the window. Negative form:      Don’t + the simple form of a verb.

11. MEMBERIKAN SARAN: LET’S DAN WHY DON’T

(a) A : It’s hot today. Let’s go to the beach.       B : Okay. Good idea. (b) A : It’s hot today. Why don’t we go to the beach?       B : Okay. Good idea.	Let’s (do something) and why don’t we (do something) have the same meaning. They are used to make suggestions about activities fpr you and me. Let’s = Let us.
(c) A : I’m tired.       B : Why don’t you take a nap?       A : That’s a good idea. I think I will.	People use why don’t you (do something) to make a friendly suggestion, to give friendly advice.

12. MENYATAKAN PREFERENSI: PREFER, LIKE..... BETTER, WOULD RATHER

(a) I prefer apples to oranges. (b) I prefer watching TV to studying.	Prefer + NOUN + to + NOUN Prefer + -ING VERB + to + -ING VERB
(c) I like aples better than oranges. (d) I like watching TV better than studying.	Like + NOUN + better than + NOUN Like + -ING VERB + better than + -ING VERB
(e) Ann Would you rather have an apple than (have) an orange. (f) I’d rather visit a big city than live there.	In (e) and (f): would rather and than are followed immedietely by the simple form of a verb (e.g., have, visit, live).*
(g) I’d/You’d/She’d/He’d/We’d/They’d rather have an apple.	Contraction of would = ‘d
(h) Would you rather have an apple or an orange?	In (h) In a polte question, would rather can be followed by or to offer someone a choice.