MODAL AUXILIARIES ( Verba Bantu Modal
)
The
verbs in the list below are called modal auxiliaries. They are helping verbs
that express a wide range of meanings (ability, permission, possibility, necessity,
etc.). Most of the modals have more than one meaning.
1. CAN dan COULD ( Mengekspresikan Kemampuan)
(a) Bob can play the piano.
(b) You can buy a screwdriver
at a hardware store
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CAN expresses ability in the present or future
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(c) I ( can’t,
cannot, can not ) understand that sentence.
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The negative form of can may be written : can’t,
cannot, can not.
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(d) Our son could
talk when he was two years old.
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The past from of can
is could.
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(e) They (couldn’t, could not)
come to class yesterday.
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The negative of could
: couldn’t
or could not.
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2. MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEMUNGKINAN: MAY
dan MIGTH
(a) It may rain tomorrow.
(b) It might rain tomorrow.
(c) A : Why isn’t John in
class?
B : I don’t know. He (May/Might)
be sick today.
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May and might express posibility in the
present or future. They have the same meaning. There is no difference in
meaning between (a) and (b)
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(d) It may not rain tomorrow.
(e) It might not rain
tomorrow.
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Negative: may not and might
not. (Do not contarct may
and might with not)
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(f) Maybe it will rain
tomorrow.
(g) Maybe John is sick.
(h) John May be sick.
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Maybe
(spelled as one word) is an adverb meaning “perhaps.” Notice(f)and(g)
May be (spelled as two words) is a verb form, as
in (h): the auxiliary may + the main verb be.
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MENGEKSPRESIKAN IZIN: MAY dan CAN
(i) Yes, children, you may
have a cookie after dinner.
(j) Okay, kids, you can
have a cookie after dinner.
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May is also used to give permission.
Often can is used ti give
permission, too. (i) and (j) have the same meaning, but may is more formal
than can.
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(k) You may not have a cookie.
You can’t have a cookie.
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May not and cannot (can’t) are used to deny
permission (i.e., to say “no”)
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3. MENGGUNAKAN COULD UNTUK
MEGEKSPRESIKAN KEMUNGKINAN
(a) A : Why isn’t Greg in
class?
B : I don’t know. He could
be sick.
(b) Look at house dark clouds.
It
could start raining any minute.
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Could can mean past ability. But that is not its
only meaning. Another meaning of could is possibility.
In (a): “He could be sick” has
the same meaning as “He may/might be sick,”i,e.,”It is possible that he is
sick.”
In (a), could expresses a present
possibility.
In (b), could expresses a future
possibility.
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4. MEMINTA IZIN: MAY I, COULD I, CAN
I
POLITE QUESTION
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POSSIBLE ANSWERS
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People use May
I , Could I,* and Can I to ask polite questions. The
questions ask for someone’s permission.
(a), (b), (c) have basically
the same meaning. Note: Can I is less formal than May
I and Could I.
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(a) May I please borrow
your pen?
(b) Could I please borrow
your pen?
(c) Can I please borrow
your pen?
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Yes.
Yes. Of course.
Yes. Certainly.
Sure (informal)
Okay (informal)
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Please can come at the end of the question: May
I borrow your pen, please?
Please can be omitted from the question: May
I borrow your pen?
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5. MEMINTA BANTUAN: WOULD YOU, COULD
YOU. WILL YOU, CAN YOU
POLLITE QUESTION
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POSSIBLE ANSWERS
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People use Would
you, Could you, Will you, and Can you to ask pollite questions.
The questions ask for someone’s help or cooperation.
(a), (b), (c),and (d) have
basically the same meaning. The use of can, as in (d), is less formal
than the others.
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(a) Would you please open
the door?
(b) Could you please open
the door?
(c) Will you please open
the door?
(d) Can you please open yhe
door?
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Yes.
Yes. Of course.
Yes. Certainly.
I’d be happy to.
I’d be glade to.
Sure (informal)
Okay (informal)
My pleasure (informal)
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POSSIBLE POLITE NEGATIVE
RESPONSES
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I’m sorry, but (I can’t, I
don’t have enough time, my arms are full,etc)
I’d like to, but (I can’t, I
don’t have enough time, my arms are full)
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NOTE: May is NOT used when you
is the subject of a pollite question.
INCORRECT:
May you please open the door?
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6. MENGEKSPRESIKAN NASIHAT: SHOULD,
OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
(a) My clothes are dirty. I (Should/Ought
to/Had better) wash them.
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Should, Ought to, and Had better have basically the same
meaning. They mean: “ This is a good idea. This is good advice.”
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(b) You need your sleep. You Shouldn’t
stay up late.
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Negative : Should
+ Not = Shouldn’t
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 (c)
I’d
better
You’d better
 He’d better Study tonight
She’d better
We’d
better
They
better
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Contraction of had
= ‘d.
NOTE: Usually had
is the past form of have. However, in the expression had
better, had is as part of an idiom and the meaning is present of
ruture.
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*Ought
to is usually not used in the negative
The
negative of had better is had better not, and it often carries
a warning of bad consequences. You had better not late! If you are late, you
will get into a lot af trouble.
7. MENGEKSPRESIKAN KEHARUSAN: HAVE
TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST
(a) I have a very important
test tomorrow.
I (Have to, Have got to, Must) Study
tonight.
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Have to, Have got to, and Must have basucally the same
meaning. They express the idea that something is necessary.
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Have to is used much more frequently than must
in everyday speech and writing.*
Have got to is generally used only in informal speech
and writing.
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(b) I have to (“hafta”) go
downtown today.
(c) Rita has to (“hasta”) go
to the bank.
(d) I’ve got to (“gotta”)
study tonight.
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Usual pronounciatiaon: Have
to = “hafta”
Has to = “
hasta”
Got to = “gotta”
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(e) I had to study last night.
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The past from of have
to, have got to, and must (meaning necessity) is had
to.
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*
Must means that something is very necessary; there is no other choice. Must is
used muuch less frequently than have to in eceryday speech and writing. Must is
a “strong” word.
8. MENGEKSPRESIKAN TIDAK ADANYA
KEHARUSAN: DO NOT HAVE TO
MENGEKSPRESIKAN LARANGAN: MUST NOT
(a) I finished all of my homework this
afternoon. I don’t have to study tonight.
(b) Tomorrow is a holliday.
Mary doesn’t have to go to class.
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Don’t/Doesn’t have to express the idea that something is not
necesarry.
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(c) Children, you must
not play with matches!
(d) We must not use that door.
The sign says: PRIVATE: DO NOT ENTER
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Must not expresses prohibition. (DO NOT DO THIS!)
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(e) You musn’t play with
matches.
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Must + Not = Musn’t. (Note: The first “t” is not pronounced.)
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9. MEMBUAT KESIMPULAN LOGIS: MUST
(a) A : nancy is yawning.
B : She must be sleepy.
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In (a): SPEAKER B is making a
logical guess. He bases his guess on the information that nancy is yawning.
His logical conclusion, his “best guess,” is that Nancy is sleepy. He uses must
to express his logical conclusion.
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(b) LOGICAL CONCLUSION: Amy
plays tennis every day. She must like to play tennis.
(c) NECESSITY: If you want to
get into the movie theater, you must buy a ticket.
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COMPARE: Must can express:
• a logical conclusion, as in (b)
• necessity, as in (c)
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(d) NEGATIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION: Eric ate everything on his plate except the pickle. He must
not like pickles.
(e) POEHIBITION: There are
sharks in the ocean near our hotel. We must not go swimming there.
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COMPARE: Must not can express:
• a negative logical conclusion, as in (b)
•
prohibition, as in (e)
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10. MEMBERIKAN INSTRUKSI: KALIMAT
IMPERATIF
COMMAND
(a) General : Open
the door!
Soldier : Yes, sir!
REQUEST
(b) Teacher : Open
the door please.
Student : Okay, I’d be happy to.
DIRECTIONS
(c) Barbara : Could you tell
me how to get to
the post office?
Sranger : Certainly. Walk two blocks down
This street. Turn left
and walk there
more
blocks. It’s on the right
hand
side of the street.
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Imperative sentencesare used
to give commands, make polite requests, and give directions.
The difference between a
command and a request lies in the soeaket’s tone of voice and the use of please.
Please can come at the beginning or end of request:
Open the door, please.
Please open the door.
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(d) Close the window.
(e) Please sit down.
(f) Be quite!
(g) Don’t walk on the grass.
(h) Please don’t wait for me.
(i) Don’t be late.
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The simple form of a verb is
used in imperative sentences. The understood subject of the sentence is you
(meaning the person the speaker is talking to): (you) close the window.
Negative form:
Don’t + the simple form of a verb.
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11. MEMBERIKAN SARAN: LET’S DAN WHY
DON’T
(a) A : It’s hot today. Let’s
go to the beach.
B : Okay. Good idea.
(b) A : It’s hot today. Why
don’t we go to the beach?
B : Okay. Good idea.
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Let’s (do something) and why don’t we (do
something) have the same meaning. They are used to make suggestions about
activities fpr you and me.
Let’s = Let us.
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(c) A : I’m tired.
B : Why don’t you take a
nap?
A : That’s a good idea. I think I will.
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People use why
don’t you (do something) to make a friendly suggestion, to give
friendly advice.
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12. MENYATAKAN PREFERENSI: PREFER,
LIKE..... BETTER, WOULD RATHER
(a) I prefer apples to
oranges.
(b) I prefer watching TV to
studying.
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Prefer + NOUN + to + NOUN
Prefer + -ING VERB + to + -ING
VERB
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(c) I like aples better than
oranges.
(d) I like watching TV better
than studying.
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Like + NOUN + better than +
NOUN
Like + -ING VERB + better than
+ -ING VERB
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(e) Ann Would you rather have
an apple than (have) an orange.
(f) I’d rather visit
a big city than live there.
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In (e) and (f): would
rather and than are followed immedietely by
the simple form of a verb (e.g., have, visit, live).*
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(g) I’d/You’d/She’d/He’d/We’d/They’d
rather have an apple.
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Contraction of would
= ‘d
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(h) Would you rather have
an apple or an orange?
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In (h) In a polte question, would
rather can be followed by or to offer someone a choice.
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